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Valentina Kulagina
Valentina Kulagina (1902–1987〔https://www.artsy.net/artist/valentina-kulagina)〕) was a Russian painter and book, poster, and exhibition designer. She was a central figure in Constructivist avant-garde in the early 20th century alongside El Lissitzky, Alexander Rodchenko other and her husband Gustav Klutsis. She is known for the Soviet revolutionary and Stalinist propaganda she produced in collaboration with Klutis.
== Biography ==
Kulagina left State Free Art Studios and entered the state-run art school VKhUTEMAS in 1920 at the urging of teacher Gustav Klutsis, whom she had recently met. On February 2, 1921, the couple wed and lived together at the school's headquarters.〔http://museum.icp.org/museum/exhibitions/klutsis_kulagina/exhibition.html〕 In 1928, Kulagina joined the artists' group October, of which her husband was already a member. In 1930 she designed a poster for International Working Women's Day, employing avant-garde techniques, typography, lithography, and photomontage. Starting in 1932 Kulagina saw her works frequently rejected by the Communist Party's Central Committee.
Her work as a designer began before she graduated the school, with the Soviet Pavilion at the Pressa exhibition in Cologne including areas which she designed. Later, she worked for IZOGIZ (the State Art Publishing Agency) and VOKS (the All-Union Society of Cultural Relations with Abroad) and VSKhV (The All-Union Agricultural Exhibition).
Klutsis' and Kulagina's work was complementary, and their style of photomontage combined with graphic work saw them implemented as official revolutionary poster producers for the Communist Party under Stalin. On January 17, 1938, Klutsis was arrested as he prepared to leave for the New York World's Fair. Kulagina was never told the truth as to what happened to her husband, believing for the remainder of her life that he had died of a heart attack while imprisoned.〔http://museum.icp.org/museum/exhibitions/klutsis_kulagina/exhibition.html〕 In 1989, two years after her death in Moscow, it was discovered that he had been executed by order of Stalin, very soon after his arrest.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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